SSH Key Sync

Synchronize SSH authorized_keys for multiple users from various sources

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Features • Getting Started • Configuration • Usage • Examples • Automation • Testing

A robust and secure Bash script for automating SSH authorized_keys synchronization across multiple users from various sources. Perfect for managing SSH access in development environments, CI/CD pipelines, and production systems with enterprise-grade reliability.

Features

Multi-Source Support - Fetch SSH keys from public URLs, private GitHub repositories, or GitHub user profiles
Enterprise-Grade Reliability - Built-in retry mechanism with configurable delays for network resilience
Atomic Operations - Safe file updates with comparison checks to prevent unnecessary changes
Comprehensive Audit Trail - Detailed timestamped logs for monitoring, debugging, and compliance
Self-Maintenance - Automatic updates to the latest version from GitHub repository
Configuration-as-Code - External configuration file for version control and team collaboration
Defensive Programming - Robust error handling with graceful fallbacks and validation
Multi-User Architecture - Concurrent SSH key management for multiple system users
Security-First Design - Proper file permissions, user validation, and secure temporary file handling

Getting Started

Prerequisites

Bash 4.0+ - Required for associative arrays support
curl - For HTTP operations and API communication
getent - User information retrieval (standard on most Linux distributions)
GitHub Token - Only required for accessing private repositories

Tip

You can test the script locally without any external dependencies by using the raw method with publicly accessible SSH key files.

Quick Start

Download the script and configuration:

# Get the latest release
curl -fsSL https://raw.githubusercontent.com/locus313/ssh-key-sync/main/sync-ssh-keys.sh -o sync-ssh-keys.sh
curl -fsSL https://raw.githubusercontent.com/locus313/ssh-key-sync/main/users.conf -o users.conf
chmod +x sync-ssh-keys.sh

Configure your users and key sources:

# Edit the configuration file
nano users.conf

# Example configuration
declare -A USER_KEYS=(
  ["alice"]="ghuser:alice-github"
  ["bob"]="raw:https://example.com/bob.keys"
)

Run the synchronization:

# Test the configuration first
sudo ./sync-ssh-keys.sh

# Check the logs for successful synchronization

Verify the setup:

# Check that keys were properly synchronized
sudo cat /home/alice/.ssh/authorized_keys

Configuration

Configuration is managed through the users.conf file, which defines users and their SSH key sources.

Configuration Format

# Optional: GitHub token for private repository access
CONF_GITHUB_TOKEN="your_github_token_here"

# User key mapping
declare -A USER_KEYS=(
  ["username"]="method:target"
)

Supported Methods

Method	Description	Use Case	Authentication
`raw`	Direct HTTP(S) URL	Public key repositories, CDNs	None
`api`	GitHub API endpoint	Private repositories, enterprise	GitHub Token
`ghuser`	GitHub user profile	Individual developer keys	None

Note

The ghuser method fetches public keys from https://github.com/username.keys, which is a built-in GitHub feature for accessing any user's public SSH keys.

Example Configuration

#!/bin/bash

# GitHub token for API access (optional)
CONF_GITHUB_TOKEN="ghp_xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx"

# User key definitions
declare -A USER_KEYS=(
  # Fetch from public URL
  ["ubuntu"]="raw:https://example.com/ssh-keys/ubuntu.authorized_keys"
  
  # Fetch from private GitHub repository
  ["devuser"]="api:https://api.github.com/repos/yourorg/ssh-keys/contents/keys/devuser.authorized_keys?ref=main"
  
  # Fetch public keys from GitHub user
  ["alice"]="ghuser:alice-github-username"
  ["bob"]="ghuser:bob-github-username"
)

Usage

Command Line Options

./sync-ssh-keys.sh [OPTIONS]

OPTIONS:
  --self-update    Update the script to the latest version from GitHub
  --help, -h       Show help message
  --version, -v    Show version information

Environment Variables

GITHUB_TOKEN: GitHub personal access token (overrides CONF_GITHUB_TOKEN)

Basic Usage

# Run synchronization
./sync-ssh-keys.sh

# Update script to latest version
./sync-ssh-keys.sh --self-update

# Show help
./sync-ssh-keys.sh --help

Examples

Team Management

Configure SSH access for a development team with mixed requirements:

declare -A USER_KEYS=(
  # DevOps team with enterprise private keys
  ["devops-lead"]="api:https://api.github.com/repos/company/ssh-keys/contents/team/devops-lead.keys?ref=main"
  ["sre-admin"]="api:https://api.github.com/repos/company/ssh-keys/contents/team/sre-admin.keys?ref=main"
  
  # Developers using personal GitHub keys
  ["alice"]="ghuser:alice-dev"
  ["bob"]="ghuser:bob-coder"
  ["charlie"]="ghuser:charlie-ops"
  
  # Service accounts and automation
  ["ci-deploy"]="raw:https://cdn.company.com/ci-keys/deploy-bot.keys"
  ["backup-service"]="raw:https://secure.company.com/service-keys/backup.authorized_keys"
)

Staging vs Production

Different configurations for different environments:

# staging.conf - More permissive for development
declare -A USER_KEYS=(
  ["dev-alice"]="ghuser:alice-personal"
  ["dev-bob"]="ghuser:bob-personal"
  ["staging-deploy"]="raw:https://staging-keys.company.com/deploy.keys"
)

# production.conf - Strict enterprise keys only
declare -A USER_KEYS=(
  ["prod-alice"]="api:https://api.github.com/repos/company/prod-keys/contents/alice.keys?ref=main"
  ["prod-deploy"]="api:https://api.github.com/repos/company/prod-keys/contents/deploy.keys?ref=main"
)

Multi-Region Deployment

Sync keys across multiple regions with different sources:

declare -A USER_KEYS=(
  # Global admin access
  ["global-admin"]="api:https://api.github.com/repos/company/global-keys/contents/admin.keys?ref=main"
  
  # Region-specific access
  ["us-east-ops"]="raw:https://us-east.company.com/ops-keys/authorized_keys"
  ["eu-west-ops"]="raw:https://eu-west.company.com/ops-keys/authorized_keys"
  ["asia-ops"]="raw:https://asia.company.com/ops-keys/authorized_keys"
)

GitHub Token Setup

For accessing private repositories, you'll need a GitHub Personal Access Token:

Generate a token:
- Go to GitHub Settings → Developer settings → Personal access tokens → Tokens (classic)
- Click "Generate new token (classic)"
- Select scopes: repo (for private repository access)
- Set an appropriate expiration date

Configure the token:

# Option 1: In configuration file
CONF_GITHUB_TOKEN="ghp_xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx"

# Option 2: Environment variable
export GITHUB_TOKEN="ghp_xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx"
sudo -E ./sync-ssh-keys.sh

Secure storage:

# Restrict configuration file permissions
chmod 600 users.conf

# Or use a secrets management system
GITHUB_TOKEN=$(vault kv get -field=token secret/github/ssh-sync)

Important

Security Best Practice: Use tokens with minimal required permissions and rotate them regularly. For organizations, consider using GitHub Apps instead of personal access tokens.

Automation

Note

The script loads users.conf from the same directory as sync-ssh-keys.sh. When deploying to a path like /opt/ssh-key-sync/, ensure users.conf is placed in that same directory.

Production Deployment with Cron

Set up automated synchronization for production environments:

# Edit root crontab
sudo crontab -e

# Sync every 15 minutes with logging
*/15 * * * * /opt/ssh-key-sync/sync-ssh-keys.sh >> /var/log/ssh-key-sync.log 2>&1

# Daily summary report (optional)
0 9 * * * grep "$(date +%Y-%m-%d)" /var/log/ssh-key-sync.log | mail -s "SSH Key Sync Daily Report" admin@company.com

Modern Systemd Integration

Create a robust systemd service with automatic restart and monitoring:

Create the service /etc/systemd/system/ssh-key-sync.service:

[Unit]
Description=SSH Key Synchronization Service
Documentation=https://github.com/locus313/ssh-key-sync
After=network-online.target
Wants=network-online.target

[Service]
Type=oneshot
ExecStart=/opt/ssh-key-sync/sync-ssh-keys.sh
User=root
Group=root
StandardOutput=journal
StandardError=journal

# Security settings
NoNewPrivileges=true
ProtectSystem=strict
ProtectHome=true            # Makes home directories inaccessible by default
ReadWritePaths=/home /root  # Re-opens /home and /root so the script can write authorized_keys

[Install]
WantedBy=multi-user.target

Create the timer /etc/systemd/system/ssh-key-sync.timer:

[Unit]
Description=Run SSH Key Sync every 10 minutes
Documentation=https://github.com/locus313/ssh-key-sync
Requires=ssh-key-sync.service

[Timer]
OnBootSec=5min
OnUnitActiveSec=10min
RandomizedDelaySec=2min
Persistent=true

[Install]
WantedBy=timers.target

Deploy and monitor:

# Install and start
sudo systemctl daemon-reload
sudo systemctl enable ssh-key-sync.timer
sudo systemctl start ssh-key-sync.timer

# Monitor status
sudo systemctl status ssh-key-sync.timer
sudo journalctl -u ssh-key-sync.service -f

CI/CD Pipeline Integration

Integrate with popular CI/CD platforms for automated deployment:

GitHub Actions

name: Deploy and Sync SSH Keys
on:
  push:
    branches: [main]

jobs:
  deploy:
    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
    steps:
      - uses: actions/checkout@v4
      
      - name: Deploy application
        run: ./deploy.sh
        
      - name: Sync SSH keys on target servers
        run: |
          # Add the server's host key to known_hosts before connecting
          mkdir -p ~/.ssh
          ssh-keyscan -H "${{ secrets.SERVER_HOST }}" >> ~/.ssh/known_hosts
          # Download and run ssh-key-sync
          curl -fsSL https://raw.githubusercontent.com/locus313/ssh-key-sync/main/sync-ssh-keys.sh | \
          ssh deploy@${{ secrets.SERVER_HOST }} 'cat > sync-ssh-keys.sh && chmod +x sync-ssh-keys.sh && sudo ./sync-ssh-keys.sh'
        env:
          GITHUB_TOKEN: ${{ secrets.SSH_SYNC_TOKEN }}

GitLab CI

stages:
  - deploy
  - post-deploy

sync-ssh-keys:
  stage: post-deploy
  script:
    - apt-get update && apt-get install -y curl
    - curl -fsSL https://raw.githubusercontent.com/locus313/ssh-key-sync/main/sync-ssh-keys.sh -o sync-ssh-keys.sh
    - chmod +x sync-ssh-keys.sh
    - ./sync-ssh-keys.sh
  variables:
    GITHUB_TOKEN: $CI_SSH_SYNC_TOKEN
  only:
    - main

Jenkins Pipeline

pipeline {
    agent any
    
    environment {
        GITHUB_TOKEN = credentials('ssh-sync-github-token')
    }
    
    stages {
        stage('Deploy') {
            steps {
                sh './deploy.sh'
            }
        }
        
        stage('Sync SSH Keys') {
            steps {
                sh '''
                    curl -fsSL https://raw.githubusercontent.com/locus313/ssh-key-sync/main/sync-ssh-keys.sh -o sync-ssh-keys.sh
                    chmod +x sync-ssh-keys.sh
                    sudo ./sync-ssh-keys.sh
                '''
            }
        }
    }
    
    post {
        always {
            sh 'rm -f sync-ssh-keys.sh'
        }
    }
}

Troubleshooting

Common Issues and Solutions

Permission denied errors

# Ensure script is executable
chmod +x sync-ssh-keys.sh

# Run with appropriate privileges (required for managing other users' SSH keys)
sudo ./sync-ssh-keys.sh

# Check file ownership and permissions
ls -la sync-ssh-keys.sh users.conf

GitHub API rate limits

# Use authenticated requests (increases rate limit from 60 to 5000 per hour)
export GITHUB_TOKEN="your_token_here"

# Monitor your rate limit
curl -H "Authorization: token $GITHUB_TOKEN" https://api.github.com/rate_limit

# Consider reducing sync frequency for high-volume usage

Network connectivity issues

The script includes automatic retry logic (3 attempts by default), but you can troubleshoot:

# Test direct connectivity
curl -I https://github.com
curl -I https://api.github.com

# Check DNS resolution
nslookup github.com

# Test with verbose curl output
curl -v https://github.com/username.keys

User validation failures

# Check if user exists
id username

# Create user if needed
sudo useradd -m username

# Verify user home directory
getent passwd username

Configuration syntax errors

# Validate Bash syntax
bash -n users.conf

# Check for common issues
# - Missing quotes around array values
# - Incorrect associative array syntax
# - Typos in method names (raw, api, ghuser)

Debug Mode

Enable detailed debugging information:

# Run with bash debug mode
bash -x sync-ssh-keys.sh

# Or modify the script temporarily
# Add 'set -x' at the top of sync-ssh-keys.sh

Log Analysis

Understanding log output:

# Successful execution logs
2025-09-17 12:00:00: Starting SSH key synchronization (version 0.1.8)
2025-09-17 12:00:01: Loading configuration...
2025-09-17 12:00:01: Found 3 user(s) to process
2025-09-17 12:00:02: Fetching key file for alice from https://github.com/alice.keys (method: ghuser)
2025-09-17 12:00:03: Updated authorized_keys for user 'alice' at /home/alice/.ssh/authorized_keys
2025-09-17 12:00:03: Successfully processed user 'alice'
2025-09-17 12:00:04: Synchronization complete. Processed: 3, Failed: 0

# Error patterns to watch for
ERROR: User 'nonexistent' does not exist. Skipping.
ERROR: GITHUB_TOKEN is required for API access
ERROR: Failed to fetch key file for user 'alice' from https://invalid-url after multiple attempts
WARNING: No changes detected in authorized_keys for user 'bob'

Testing

The project includes comprehensive testing infrastructure to ensure reliability and prevent regressions:

Automated Testing Pipeline

The project uses a centralized CI workflow that orchestrates all testing and validation:

Lint Check - ShellCheck static analysis for code quality and best practices
Version Check - Ensures version bumps in pull requests for proper release management
Integration Tests - Real user creation, SSH key synchronization, and error handling validation
Multi-Environment Testing - Validation across different Linux distributions
Security Focus - Proper permissions, file handling, and authentication validation

Note

Workflow Architecture: The CI workflow calls individual test workflows (lint.yml, test.yml, check-version.yml) as reusable workflows, preventing duplicate runs while maintaining organized test separation.

Running Tests Locally

# Quick validation suite
./test.sh

# Manual syntax validation
bash -n sync-ssh-keys.sh

# With ShellCheck (recommended)
shellcheck sync-ssh-keys.sh

Test Coverage

The test suite validates:

✅ Configuration file parsing and validation
✅ User existence and permission checks
✅ Network connectivity and retry logic
✅ File operations and atomic updates
✅ Error handling and edge cases
✅ GitHub API integration
✅ Security permissions and ownership

Development Testing

For contributors and advanced users:

# Create isolated test environment
docker run -it --rm ubuntu:22.04 bash

# Install dependencies and test
apt update && apt install -y curl bash
curl -fsSL https://raw.githubusercontent.com/locus313/ssh-key-sync/main/test.sh | bash

Note

For detailed testing procedures and guidelines, see TESTING.md.

Security Considerations

Important

Production Security Checklist

Store GitHub tokens securely and rotate them regularly (every 90 days recommended)
Use least-privilege tokens with only required scopes (repo for private repos)
Monitor logs for failed authentication attempts and unusual activity
Validate SSH key sources and ownership before adding to configuration
Use private repositories for sensitive key storage, never public ones
Implement proper backup and recovery procedures for SSH key configuration
Regular audit of user access and key validity

Token Security

# Use environment variables instead of hardcoding tokens
export GITHUB_TOKEN="$(vault kv get -field=token secret/github/ssh-sync)"

# Restrict configuration file permissions
chmod 600 users.conf
chown root:root users.conf

# Consider using GitHub Apps for organization-wide deployments
# They provide better security and audit trails than personal access tokens

Network Security

# Validate SSL certificates (default behavior)
# The script uses curl with strict SSL validation

# For air-gapped environments, consider using local mirrors
declare -A USER_KEYS=(
  ["user"]="raw:https://internal-mirror.company.com/keys/user.authorized_keys"
)

# Monitor network traffic if required
tcpdump -i any host github.com

File System Security

The script automatically implements security best practices:

SSH Directory: 700 permissions (owner access only)
Authorized Keys: 600 permissions (owner read/write only)
Proper Ownership: All files owned by the target user
Atomic Operations: Temporary files with secure cleanup
Input Validation: Validates all user inputs and file paths

Audit and Compliance

# Enable comprehensive logging for compliance
sudo ./sync-ssh-keys.sh 2>&1 | tee -a /var/log/ssh-key-sync-audit.log

# Log rotation for long-term storage
cat > /etc/logrotate.d/ssh-key-sync << EOF
/var/log/ssh-key-sync*.log {
    daily
    rotate 365
    compress
    delaycompress
    missingok
    notifempty
    create 640 root adm
}
EOF

FAQ

Can I use this script with GitLab, Bitbucket, or other Git providers?

Currently, the script has built-in support for GitHub's API and public key endpoints. For other providers:

GitLab: Use the raw method with GitLab's raw file URLs
Bitbucket: Use the raw method with Bitbucket's raw file URLs
Azure DevOps: Use the raw method with Azure DevOps file URLs
Custom Git servers: Use the raw method with direct HTTPS URLs

Example:

["user"]="raw:https://gitlab.com/username/ssh-keys/-/raw/main/user.keys"

What happens if a user doesn't exist on the system?

The script validates user existence before processing and will:

Log a warning message
Skip that user entirely
Continue processing other users
Report the failure in the final summary

This ensures the script doesn't fail completely due to one missing user.

How often should I run the synchronization?

Recommended frequencies based on environment:

Development: Every 15-30 minutes for rapid iteration
Staging: Every 1-2 hours for testing stability
Production: Every 4-6 hours for security balance
High-security environments: Every 1 hour with audit logging

Consider your team's SSH key rotation frequency and security requirements.

Can I customize the retry logic and timeouts?

Yes, the script uses configurable constants that you can modify:

# Edit these variables in sync-ssh-keys.sh
readonly DEFAULT_RETRIES=3
readonly DEFAULT_RETRY_DELAY=2

# Or pass them as parameters (if you modify the script)
fetch_key_file "$method" "$target" "$temp_file" 5 3  # 5 retries, 3 second delay

Is there a dry-run mode to test configuration?

While not currently implemented, you can safely test by:

Configuration validation: bash -n users.conf
Syntax check: bash -n sync-ssh-keys.sh
Test environment: Run on a test system with test users
Verbose logging: Use bash -x sync-ssh-keys.sh for detailed output

A dry-run mode is planned for future releases.

How do I handle SSH key rotation?

The script automatically handles key rotation:

Update the source (GitHub keys, file URLs, etc.)
Run the sync - the script detects changes automatically
Verify the update - check the logs for confirmation

The script only updates files when content actually changes, making it safe to run frequently.

Can I exclude certain keys or add filtering?

Currently, the script syncs all keys from the configured source. For filtering:

Source-level filtering: Maintain filtered key files at the source
Multiple sources: Create separate endpoints for different key sets
Custom scripts: Pipe through additional filtering if needed

Advanced filtering features may be added in future versions.

Name		Name	Last commit message	Last commit date
Latest commit History 30 Commits
.github		.github
LICENSE		LICENSE
README.md		README.md
TESTING.md		TESTING.md
sync-ssh-keys.sh		sync-ssh-keys.sh
test.sh		test.sh
users.conf		users.conf

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SSH Key Sync

Features

Getting Started

Prerequisites

Quick Start

Configuration

Configuration Format

Supported Methods

Example Configuration

Usage

Command Line Options

Environment Variables

Basic Usage

Examples

Team Management

Staging vs Production

Multi-Region Deployment

GitHub Token Setup

Automation

Production Deployment with Cron

Modern Systemd Integration

CI/CD Pipeline Integration

GitHub Actions

GitLab CI

Jenkins Pipeline

Troubleshooting

Common Issues and Solutions

Debug Mode

Log Analysis

Testing

Automated Testing Pipeline

Running Tests Locally

Test Coverage

Development Testing

Security Considerations

Token Security

Network Security

File System Security

Audit and Compliance

FAQ

About

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